In ‘The Devil Wears Prada 2’, Miranda Priestly, portrayed by Meryl Streep, confronts a dilemma faced by many in the fashion industry: relevance in a world shaped by social media and constant reinvention. Despite her instinct and cultural foresight, she begins questioning her own significance. This moment sparks deeper reflection on aging and work.
Returning to her hotel, Miranda seeks guidance from her husband on knowing when to step aside. His response, ‘You’ll know when it’s time,’ captures a common belief about work, aging, and ambition. Yet, in today’s evolving society, recognizing when to slow down or reinvent oneself has become increasingly complex.
Research in aging, mental health, and life transitions indicates that work is more than income; it’s central to identity, purpose, routine, and social connection. The question now extends beyond when to retire. It includes ensuring happiness, health, and security as one ages.
The Shift in Retirement
In the 20th century, retirement was seen as a predictable transition. Careers followed linear paths, with older adulthood often associated with focusing on family, leisure, and personal interests without professional demands. This ‘third act’ was viewed as a reward following years of work, made more accessible by the Social Security Act in 1935 and expanded pension coverage post-World War II.
However, demographic and economic changes have altered perspectives on work and aging. More adults stay in the workforce longer. In 1991, the average retirement age was 57. Today, those 65 and older are a rapidly growing labor force segment, with nearly 1 in 5 holding jobs by 2024. Employment among Americans in this age group grew over 33% from 2015 to 2024.
Several factors influence this trend. Life expectancy is higher than ever. Some adults work to remain active and engaged, while others continue due to rising living costs, health insurance, caregiving responsibilities, or low retirement savings.
Cultural Attitudes on Aging
As older adults remain in the workforce, cultural attitudes toward aging and ambition lag behind. Society offers mixed messages on aging. On one hand, older adults are encouraged to stay active, productive, and healthy. ‘Successful aging’ highlights continued workforce engagement and independence.
Yet, older leaders in professional roles face criticism for not stepping aside. Samuel Moyn’s article in Harper’s Magazine suggests America has become a ‘gerontocracy’, with older generations dominating politics, wealth, and institutions, leaving younger Americans feeling alienated.
While Moyn’s article raises concerns about generational transition, it overlooks the economic realities driving older adults to work longer. A 2024 AARP survey found about 1 in 4 U.S. adults over 50 expect never to retire.
The Emotional Aspect of Work
In the U.S., work is deeply tied to identity and self-worth; it offers more than just financial security. Studies in gerontology and occupational psychology show work reinforces self-image and provides routine, social interaction, and meaning, especially in later adulthood.
Traditional social spaces like civic organizations, bowling leagues, and community groups have declined, increasing isolation. Loneliness is now a significant public health concern. Work remains a space where individuals feel visible and socially anchored.
While retirement can improve mental well-being, reducing stress and increasing leisure, it can also lead to isolation, especially if jobs are closely tied to identity.
Modern life has complicated identifying ‘when it’s time’ to step away from work, creating a challenge for today’s aging workforce.
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